Environmental restrictions on emission due to fossil fuel combustion have pushed refiners to decrease the sulfur content of products like gasoil and gasoline. The simple concept of ODS method has drawn the attention of many research groups in last few years. Some advantages of this method comparing to other new ones include its simplicity, mild operation condition, low investment cost, and no hydrogen consumption. Many aspects of this process have been investigated; therefore, some different reaction systems are developed. The basis of ODS is oxidizing the organo-sulfur compounds to their sulfones and then removing sulfones from hydrocarbon media. The combination of new technical facilities and traditional chemical processes tend to improve the chemical reaction systems. In this study, by using the ULTRASONIC WAVES, the sulfur content of a gasoil sample is decreased to an acceptable limit by Euro environmental laws. Optimum parameters for maximum desulfurization are determined by the analysis of experimental design results. Applying the ULTRASONIC WAVES and using optimized parameters, more than 90 percent desulfurization and less than 5 percent hydrocarbon losses are achieved.

The tissue of fruit varies at different stages of growth and storage and by determining its characteristics, the stage of fruit maturity can be found. Depending on the type of tissue, the ULTRASONIC WAVES will attenuate and its speed will change too while crossing the fruit tissue. Thus, by calculating the attenuation coefficient value and its speed in no destructive way, the characteristics of fruit tissue and the rate of its maturity will be determined. In this study, peach fruits-the Tabrizi variety- were classified in ripen, semi-ripen, large and small groups and the validity of ripen and semi-ripen groups were confirmed by taste panel. Then, in addition to measuring the attenuation coefficient and velocity of ULTRASONIC wave parameters, the physic-chemical parameters of fruit, including dimensions, mass, density, hardness, reducing sugar, acidity, pH, dry weight and soluble solids contents, which are the maturity indices of peach, were measured and compared with ULTRASONIC parameters. Results showed that fruit size and degree of maturity significantly affect on the wave attenuation and wave velocity, respectively. The correlation coefficients between attenuation coefficient and hardness (without skin) in ripen and semi ripen groups were higher than 0.8 and also the correlation coefficients of attenuation coefficient in relation with the hardness (by skin) in ripen and semi ripen groups were higher than 0.7. Also, the correlations for both attenuation coefficient and wave velocity in relation with the pH were higher than 0.8 as well as correlation between wave velocity and acidity.

Introduction: The common method used for juice pasteurization is the thermal method since thermal methods contribute highly to inactivating microbes. However, applying high temperatures would lead to inefficient effects on nutrition and food value. Such effects may include vitamin loss, nutritional flavor loss, non-enzyme browning, and protein reshaping (Kuldiloke, 2002). In order to decrease the adverse effects of the thermal pasteurization method, other methods capable of inactivation of microorganisms can be applied. …

Denim washing is an artistic payment process that aims to increase the attractiveness and strength of denim fabrics. Much of the world's textile industry is devoted to the production of denim. Jeans are the most widely used clothing in the clothing business. Because of the mechanical properties of ultrasound, it accelerates and replaces particles. In this study, the simultaneous effect of ULTRASONIC WAVES, enzymes, and sodium hydrosulfite were investigated to increase the production rate. Evaluation of the results of Denim washing samples was performed with a Projectina microscope and scanning of samples. The results of eye observation of the samples and their weight evaluation confirmed the effectiveness of ULTRASONIC WAVES. But in Iran, less of this technology is used in textile design. Therefore in this study, the application of ULTRASONIC in the designing of jeans has been discussed.

Antibiotics enter the environment, mainly aquatic environments, through the effluents of pharmaceutical industries, antibiotic factories, hospitals, human and animal sewage. Toxicity (carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and damage to the body's DNA), biodegradability, and drug resistance in antibiotics have caused these compounds to be called semi-persistent pollutants in the environment. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of ULTRASONIC WAVES in reducing the antibiotic amoxiclav in aqueous solutions. The discharge and flow velocity parameters have been neglected due to their insignificance. The investigated variables included contact time, amoxiclav concentration, and pH. Antibiotics were based on concentrations of 2 and 6 mg/L of Amoxiclav, retention time (30, 45, 60) minutes, and pH values (3, 7, 9) in an ULTRASONIC device with a volume of 10 liters and internal dimensions (20*30*50), and the frequency was set to 95. Then the remaining concentration in the samples was measured by HPLC. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis with SPSS software. As the retention time increases, the initial concentration of the antibiotic decreases, but on the contrary, as the initial concentration increases, the removal of the antibiotic decreases. The highest concentration reduction of amoxiclav in concentration 2 (mg/L) is about 50% in the retention time of 60 minutes and pH = 3, but in concentration of 6 (mg/L), the highest concentration reduction is in the same retention time and pH of about 47%. The advantages of ULTRASONICation are easy application, acceleration of chemical and biological processes, no production of secondary pollutants, reduction of suspended and soluble substances in water, and an effective and cheap method to remove the antibiotic Amoxiclav.

Background & Objectives: Sludge treatment and dewatering processes in wastewater treatment plants are one of the most important challenges for professionals and officials. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of low wavelength and high energy ULTRASONIC WAVES to improve sludge dewatering properties and the optimum operating parameters of the ULTRASONIC method.Methods: In this research variables include ultrasound density (0.375, 0.75, 1, 1.3 and 2.5w/m), time (1, 5, 10, 15 and 30 min), and amount of sonificated sludge (10, 15, 20, 50 and 100%). In this research effect of the variables on capillary suction time (CST) and sludge dewatering capacity were studied.Results: The experiments determined that the optimum operating parameters as; sonification time=5 minutes, ultrasound density=1 W/ml, and amount of sonificated sludge equal to 15% at frequency of 20 kHz. Under these conditions CST was measured as 86 seconds.Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, ultrasound WAVES could improve sludge dewatering process and can increase the treatment rate.

The aim of this research is to characterize the porous bones by an ULTRASONIC method using Lamb WAVES. In recent years, characterization of such materials has attracted much attention of the researchers in the field of medicine. It requires the development of more efficient technology for obtaining the necessary quality and security. This paper aims to exploit the dispersion curves of the Lamb wave, as a new originate alternative, to characterize the porous bone. The method is modeled by using the Schoch theory for the measurement of ULTRASONIC parameters, namely the longitudinal and transversal velocities and densities, and then we deduce the mechanical properties of samples with different porosity in a theoretical way. The theoretical results were compared with experimental data, and it was found that the predicted values were of the same order of measurement as the experimental ones. The correlation coefficient between the experimental ultrasound velocities and the theoretical velocities predicted by the Schoch theory was R=0.96.

Discharge and disposal of wastewater containing high nitrate levels contribute to its increase in groundwater and water resources, posing adverse effects on the environment and human health. An experiment was conducted at laboratory water quality, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, to investigate the impact of ULTRASONIC WAVES on nitrate removal and the absorption properties of rice straw biochar absorbents. Various treatments were applied, including ultrasound alone (U), biochar absorbent (B), biochar absorbent with ultrasound (BU), iron-coated biochar absorbent (BF), iron-coated biochar absorbent with ultrasound (BFU), zinc cation-coated biochar absorbent (BZ), and ultrasound with rice straw biochar coated with zinc cations (BZU). Results showed that ULTRASONIC WAVES effectively removed nitrates from the aqueous solution and enhanced the nitrate absorption process by the absorbent. In the iron and zinc-coated biochar absorbents, ULTRASONICation increased the optimal pH of the nitrate solution. The biochar and zinc-coated biochar absorbents exhibited a reduction in the optimal absorbent dose, and the optimal initial nitrate concentration in zinc-coated biochar increased from 80 ppm to 150 ppm. Overall, a 27% reduction in nitrate concentration was observed in the solution. Considering the results, a combined use of ULTRASONICation is recommended for a more efficient decomposition of pollutants.

Background: One of the most challenging and critical processes in wastewater treatment is sludge treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effects of low frequency ultrasound and high level of energy on inactivation rate of total coliform of sludge and ascertain the optimal operating parameters of the ultrasound WAVES.Methods: In this research, the density of ultrasound (W/mL) and time (minutes) were investigated. The effect of these parameters on the inactivation of total coliform in sludge was also investigated.Results: The results revealed that the optimum operating time and ultrasound density were 30 minutes and 2.5 W/mL, respectively. Also, the frequency of 20 kHz of total coliform removal rate in these conditions was 99.44% .Conclusion: Ultrasound WAVES as well as micro and nano bubbles could remove total coliform and decontaminate the sludge, thereby incrementing the rate of treatment.